[Reader-list] Blood in the Water

[Kshmendra Kaul]

Many moons back I had seen a documentary, either on BBC or one of the 'environmental' channels that put 'water wars' as the backgrounder for very many on the global conflicts including the ones over Kashmir and Palestine.
 
In Pakistan, Kashmir is often called the "Shah Rug" (jugular vein) of Pakistan. One of the interpretations of that term is the importance of Kashmir as a 'water source' for Pakistan. I would not know who first used it but Benazir Bhutto in her Primeministership often mouthed it. It was the phase when she would be frothing at her mouth while she screamed "Jihad, Jihad, Jihad".
 
Was looking at some available material on the Web:
 
1.    - From "Water Wars of the Near Future" by Marq de Villiers
Found at http://www.itt.com/waterbook/Wars.asp
 
       -   Ismail Serageldin, the bank's (World Bank) vice president for environmental affairs and chairman of the World Water Commission, stated bluntly a few years ago that the wars of the 21st century will be fought over water.
 
   -   There is another way of looking at the notion of water conflicts, which Homer-Dixon acknowledges and urges on the world's policy makers. Water shortages may not lead to shooting wars, but they most certainly lead to food shortages, increased poverty, and to the spread of disease. .................. Bangladesh may never go to war with India--even before the recent settlement, the Bangladeshis were too poor to do much more than grumble--but the stress caused by water shortages led to massive migrations of people, upsetting the ethnic balance of several Bangladeshi and Indian states, and leading to the rise of terrorist and nascent revolutionary movements. By other definitions, then--water wars. 
 
2. - From excerpts from the book "Water Wars" by Vandana Shiva
Found at http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Vandana_Shiva/Water_Wars_VShiva.html
 
   - By the late 1890s, Los Angeles had already tapped its local supplies and city officials were secretly purchasing land and water rights in neighboring Owens Valley. ........... In 1924, Owens Valley residents blasted an aqueduct to prevent water diversion to Los Angeles. The water war had begun.
 
  - The 1967 war, which led to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Golan Heights, was in effect an occupation of the freshwater resources from the Golan Heights, the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan River, and the West Bank. As Middle-Eastern scholar Ewan Anderson, notes, "The West Bank has become a critical source of water for Israel, and it could be argued that this consideration outweighs other political and strategic factors."
 
  - Neither international nor national water laws adequately respond to the ecological and political challenges posed by water conflicts. No legal document in contemporary Iaw mentions the most basic law related to water-the natural law of the water cycle. Claims are derived from and protection is limited to artificial concrete structures. This limitation has propelled regions and states to enter a contest for the most extravagant water projects as a means of establishing their rights to water-the more you extract and divert water through giant projects, the more you can claim rights. Water conflicts continue to escalate and, to date, no appropriate legal framework exists to resolve these conflicts.
 
   - Not only has the World Bank played a major role in the creation of water scarcity and pollution, it is now transforming that scarcity into a market opportunity for water corporations. 
 
   - Water has become big business for global corporations, which see limitless markets in growing water scarcity and demand. The two major players in the water industry are the French companies Vivendi Environment and Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux, whose empires extend to 120 countries. Vivendi is the water giant, with a turnover of $17.1 billion. Suez had a turnover of $5.1 billion in 1996.
 
   - The privatization of water services is the first step toward the privatization of all aspects of water.
 
3. From "The next major conflict in the Middle East - Water Wars" -  A Lecture by Adel Darwish- Geneva conference on Environment and Quality of Life June 1994.
Found at http://www.mideastnews.com/WaterWars.htm
 
  - When President Anwar Sadat signed the peace treaty with Israel in 1979, he said Egypt will never go to war again, except to protect its water resources. King Hussein of Jordan has said he will never go to war with Israel again except over water and the Untied Nation Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali has warned bluntly that the next war in the area will be over water.
 
   - In theory, peace between the Arabs and Israel should end their rivalry over water, but it is just as likely that water will delay, if not altogether prevent, peace. In a final settlement, Israel would have to give up the West Bank which gives it control of the southern portion of the Jordan, the west bank of the river with its aquifers; the Golan Heights in Syria which contains the headwaters of the Jordan and the strip of land along the southern Lebanese border where the Zahrani and Litani rivers flow. 
 
   - Most alarming, and perhaps most telling, was an off-the-record comment by a leading politician about his country's water need. `` A time may well come,'' he said,`` we have to calculate whether a small swift war might be economically more rewarding than putting up with a drop in our water supplies.''
   
4.  - Potential for Water Wars in the 21st Century - Erwin E. Klaas, Professor Emeritus of Animal Ecology, Iowa State University
Found at http://www.public.iastate.edu/~mariposa/waterwars.htm
 
5.  - Water Wars: Cauvery, Chinatown and Cadillac Desert by Rajeev Srinivasan
Found at http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/17rajeev.htm
 
6.  - Asia's Coming Water Wars By Chietigj Bajpaee
Found at http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=545&language_id=1
 
7.  - "Water wars - Sindh’s struggle for control of the Indus" by Hasan Mansoor
Found at http://www.himalmag.com/2002/july/report_4.htm
 
 
Kshmendra


--- On Wed, 6/18/08, Shuddhabrata Sengupta <shuddha at sarai.net> wrote:

From: Shuddhabrata Sengupta <shuddha at sarai.net>
Subject: [Reader-list] Blood in the Water
To: "sarai list" <reader-list at sarai.net>
Date: Wednesday, June 18, 2008, 4:57 PM

Dear All,

A friend forward this article, published recently in the Asian  
Sentinel, to me recently. I think that it introduces an element,  
control of water and natural resources, that are actually key to an  
understanding of how conflicts such as Kashmir get played out. In the  
longer term, these issues may be far more significant than the issues  
of ethnic and religious identity. it is a pity, that whenever the  
question of say Kashmir, comes up, or whenever the issue of  
Bangladeshi migrants to India rears its head, all that everyone wants  
to talk about is the 'identity' issue, what gets left behind is  
thought about things like water. Ask a Bangladeshi immigrant to Delhi  
about what drove him to cross so many miles of hazardous territory,  
and the chances are, that if you are prepared to pay attention, he or  
she will have something to say about floods, and the lethality of  
rivers, and the rising sea.

I know many people who are ambivalent about their identities, but I  
have yet to come across a person who does not feel thirsty. Given  
that water is so important to our survival and life, it is a sad  
travesty that we pay it so little attention when it comes to  
politics. We wouldn't be around to protect our identities and our  
nationalities if we could not drink water, or did not have the  
guarantee that our homes would not be flooded, year after year.

regards

Shuddha
------------------

http://asiasentinel.com/index.php? 
option=com_content&task=view&id=1269&Itemid=31

Blood in Kashmir's Water



Sankar Ray
18 June 2008
A decades-old competition for water complicates the already-bitter  
relationship between India and her neighbors


Water is destined to be a determining factor in the regional  
conflicts of South Asia in the years to come, particularly between  
India and Pakistan. Unquestionably one of the most crucial of  
environmental resources, this essential ingredient for human life is  
growing so scarce in some areas globally that if current trends  
continue, two-thirds of humanity will suffer "moderate to severe  
water stress" within 30 years, according to a comprehensive  
assessment of freshwater resources by the United Nations.

Nowhere is this truer, however, than in the parched regions of India,  
Pakistan and Bangladesh, where overpopulation, poverty and scarce  
resources make the competition more acute. In a remarkably even- 
handed paper published in a recent issue of the Journal of  
International Affairs, Saleem H. Ali, associate professor of  
Environmental Policy and Planning, at the Rubenstein School of  
Environment and Natural Resources of the University of Vermont in the  
US, identifies the lack of environmental cooperation in bilateral and  
multilateral relations as the root cause of a potential conflict  
"between two nuclear neighbours, India and Pakistan, predicated in a  
history of religious rivalries and post-colonial demarcation."

The Pakistani scholar urges India and Pakistan to put aside their  
mutual distrust to reconfigure the riparian issues for lasting piece  
in the region, their inveterate, decades-old antagonism  
notwithstanding, and concentrate on a matter of equal importance to  
their survival of each country. Ali praises the World Bank's  
"instrumental role in its negotiation during the height of the Cold  
War to bring the two countries to the negotiating table with the  
Indus Water Treaty after bilateral negotiations failed. The outcome  
of this historic treaty was the unrestricted use by India of the  
three eastern rivers, the Ravi, Sutlej and Beas and complete control  
of the three western rivers, the Jhelum, Chenab and Indus by Pakistan.

The rivers all have their origin in the bitterly disputed region of  
Kashmir. And thus, theoretically whoever controls Kashmir controls  
the rivers, a fact conveniently forgotten for years as Pakistan and  
India tested each other's mettle in a series of wars. The Pakistani  
Prime Minister, Hussain Suhrwardy, in 1958 pointed to the  
geographical importance of Kashmir when he emphasized the importance  
of the six rivers of the Indus Basin.

"Most of them rise in Kashmir. One of the reasons why, therefore,  
that Kashmir is so important for us is this water, these waters which  
irrigate our lands," Suhrwardy said at the time. He proved himself a  
prophet. The only other international statesman who thought along the  
same lines was the British Premier, Anthony Eden, who believed that  
the resolution of the water dispute would reduce the tension over  
Kashmir, hence the Indus Water Treaty.

India denied the link between Kashmir and the water issue, however, a  
denial that has contributed to the growing resentment between the two  
countries, and an amazing one given reality. The head of the Indus  
flows through the valley corridor that connects Indian and Pakistani- 
held Kashmir.

Further south India has been engaged in a running dispute with  
Bangladesh over the Farakka Barrage over the River Ganges since 1973.  
This project involved a dam built on the Ganges in West Bengal, about  
10 kilometers from the Bangladesh border. Bangladeshi objections that  
the project would seriously affect the country's water supply have  
proved correct. Falling water levels below the dam have raised  
salinity levels, affecting fisheries and hindering navigation.  
Falling soil moisture levels have also also led to desertification.

Ali firmly believes that "environmental factors can play a pivotal  
role since they help link various issues such as economic development  
and security." He points out that, "states that are ecologically  
vulnerable to extreme climatic events, such as Bangladesh, are  
recognizing that poor environmental planning in coastal areas can  
have devastating economic impacts".

"I have long been criticizing the brazenly reactionary promotion of  
water disputes among Indian states by the political parties in  
power," said Surajit Guha, the former deputy-director general of the  
Geological Survey of India and one of India's top hydrologists "It  
may not be confined within the Indian territory. The Farakka impasse  
is a clear evidence of this. Have you seen European countries through  
which the mighty River Danube flows engaging themselves in dispute  
over sharing of water during the last one hundred years? I do not  
know why water is increasingly politicized when most of the peoples  
of SAARC region are deprived of access to safe and potable water."

While the west is busy concentrating its efforts on securing a ready  
supply of oil, in South Asia the governments are slowly but surely  
waking up to the fact that in the not too distant future water is  
going to be equally, if not more important to the survival of their  
people.



Shuddhabrata Sengupta
The Sarai Programme at CSDS
Raqs Media Collective
shuddha at sarai.net
www.sarai.net
www.raqsmediacollective.net


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