[Reader-list] Gandhi’s Last Fast: January 13-18, 1948

[TaraPrakash]

Okay Inder. Thanks for this. I do wish one individual's stopping to eat 
could impact people now as it did in Gandhi's time. He was a great personage 
who could think beyond self interest. His main task was to build bridges 
between communities. He was assassinated by a RSS fanatic and some fanatics 
want to worship that murderer.

But let us think again, was he the only murderer of Gandhi? A poet argues 
that Gandhi was not actually killed in a general gathering (aam sabha) he 
was rather killed in Lok Sabha.

Gandhi badan ka naam naheen tha, usool tha
Gandhi ke har usool ko thukara diya gaya,
Gandhi ka katl aam sabha mein naheen hua
Gandhi ko katl loksabha mein kiya gaya.

Gandhi was not name of a body, he was a school. All of his principles were 
trashed. He was not murderered in a common gathering, he was murderered in 
the parliament.

What do you think Gandhi would have said about Manmohanics?

Only if he was not that religious I would worship him more.

Contrast with Ghalib

Ye masail-e-tassavuf ye tera bayan Ghalib,
Tujhe ham vali samajhte
Jo na badakhwar hota.

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Inder Salim" <indersalim at gmail.com>
To: "reader-list" <reader-list at sarai.net>
Sent: Saturday, October 02, 2010 6:16 AM
Subject: [Reader-list] Gandhi’s Last Fast: January 13-18, 1948


> http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=503970112&ref=ts#!/notes/dilip-simeon/another-time-another-mosque/438972002297
>
> --
>
> Text of the Delhi Declaration on communal harmony, January 18, 1948.
>
>
>
> Extracted from a recently written online lecture, 'Mahatma Gandh’s Legacy'
>
>
>
> Gandhi’s Last Fast: January 13-18, 1948
>
> From September 1947, the communal situation in north India became
> grievous. Massacres were taking place in Punjab and Sindh, sparking
> off the migration of over ten million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. In
> September, hundreds of Muslims of Delhi had been killed in Karol Bagh,
> Subzi Mandi and Paharganj. Tens of thousands of Hindu and Sikh
> refugees from Punjab were crammed into Diwan Hall, Chandni Chowk and
> Kingsway Camp; while thousands of Muslims, including Meos from Alwar
> and Bharatpur, camped in fear in Jamia Millia, Puran Qila and
> Humayun’s Tomb. The life of Dr Zakir Husain, VC of Jamia Millia and
> president of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh, was saved by a Sikh army
> captain and a Hindu railway official. Upon arrival in Delhi on
> September 9, Gandhi was asked to stay not in the sweepers colony (his
> prefered residence in the city), but in Birla House.
>
>
>
> Gandhi plunged into the turmoil around him, travelling to nearby
> places, talking to refugees and cadres of social organisations. On
> December 22, he made this announcement at his prayer meeting:
>
>
>
> “Some eight or ten miles from here, at Mehrauli, there is a shrine of
> Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Chisti. Esteemed as second only to the shrine at
> Ajmer, it is visited every year not only by Muslims but by thousands
> of non-Muslims too. Last September this shrine was subjected to the
> wrath of Hindu mobs. The Muslims living in the vicinity of the shrine
> for the last 800 years had to leave their homes. I mention this sad
> episode to tell you that, though Muslims love the shrine, today no
> Muslim can be found anywhere near it. It is the duty of the Hindus,
> Sikhs, the officials and the Government to open the shrine again and
> wash off this stain on us. The same applies to other shrines and
> religious places of Muslims in and around Delhi. The time has come
> when both India and Pakistan must unequivocally declare to the
> majorities in each country that they will not tolerate desecration of
> religious places, be they small or big. They should also undertake to
> repair the places damaged during riots.” (CWMG, vol 98, p 98-99).
>
>
>
> This was the background to his last protest. There was also the matter
> of the Government’s decision to withhold payment of Pakistan’s share
> of undivided India’s sterling balance. We may take it that the fast
> was undertaken both to restore the mosque and to convey to the public
> his feelings about ongoing events. It began on January 13, 1948 and
> was announced at his prayer meeting that evening. He said: “Now that I
> have started my fast many people cannot understand what I am doing,
> who are the offenders – Hindus or Sikhs or Muslims. How long will the
> fast last? I say I do not blame anyone. Who am I to accuse others? I
> have said that we have all sinned.”
>
>
>
> He continued: “I shall terminate the fast only when peace has returned
> to Delhi. If peace is restored to Delhi it will have effect not only
> on the whole of India but also on Pakistan and when that happens, a
> Muslim can walk around in the city all by himself. I shall then
> terminate the fast. Delhi is the capital of India. It has always been
> the capital of India. So long as things do not return to normal in
> Delhi, they will not be normal either in India or in Pakistan. Today I
> cannot bring Suhrawardy here because I fear someone may insult him.
> Today he cannot walk about in the streets of Delhi. If he did he would
> be assaulted. What I want is that he should be able to move about here
> even in the dark. It is true that he made efforts in Calcutta only
> when Muslims became involved. Still, he could have made the situation
> worse, if he had wanted, but he did not want to make things worse. He
> made the Muslims evacuate the places they had forcibly occupied and
> said that he being the Premier could do so. Although the places
> occupied by the Muslims belonged to Hindus and Sikhs he did his duty.
> Even if it takes a whole month to have real peace established in Delhi
> it does not matter. People should not do anything merely to have me
> terminate the fast. So my wish is that Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis,
> Christians and Muslims who are in India should continue to live in
> India and India should become a country where everyone’s life and
> property are safe. Only then will India progress.”
>
>
>
> The People’s Reaction
>
> Delhi was visibly affected by Gandhi’s fast. Addressing a gathering of
> three hundred thousand people on January 17, Maulana Azad announced
> seven tests given him by Gandhi to be fulfilled and guaranteed by
> responsible people. They included freedom of worship to Muslims at the
> tomb of Khwaja Bakhtiar Chishti, non-interference with the Urs
> festival due to be held there; the voluntary evacuation by non-Muslims
> of all mosques in Delhi that were being used as houses or which had
> been converted into temples; free movement of Muslims in areas where
> they used to stay; complete safety to Muslims while travelling by
> train; no economic boycott of Muslims; and freedom to Muslim evacuees
> to return to Delhi.” That evening a procession of citizens walked to
> Birla House where Jawaharlal Nehru addressed them. Gandhi’s speech was
> read out at the prayer meeting, attended by some four thousand people.
> Among other things, he said:
>
>
>
> “My fast should not be considered a political move in any sense of the
> term. It is in obedience to the peremptory call of conscience and
> duty. It comes out of felt agony. I call to witness all my numerous
> Muslim friends in Delhi. Their representatives meet me almost every
> day to report the day’s events. Neither Rajas and Maharajas nor Hindus
> and Sikhs or any others would serve themselves or India as a whole, if
> at this, what is to me a sacred juncture, they mislead me with a view
> to terminating my fast” (CWMG 98:248).
>
>
>
> On January 18, Gandhi ended his fast. Over a hundred representatives
> of various organizations including the Hindu Mahasabha, Rashtriya
> Swayamsevak Sangh and Jamiat-ul-Ulema who had assembled at Rajendra
> Prasad’s residence, called on Gandhiji at 11.30 a.m. Those present
> included Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Rajendra Prasad, INA
> General Shah Nawaz Khan, Hifzur Rahman and Zaheed Hussain, Pakistan’s
> High Commissioner. Dr. Rajendra Prasad reported that even those who
> had some doubts on the previous night were confident that they could
> ask Gandhiji with a full sense of responsibility to break the fast.
>
>
>
> As the President of the Congress, Rajendra Prasad said that he had
> signed the document in view of the guarantee which they had all
> jointly and severally given. Khurshid, the Chief Commissioner and
> Randhawa, Deputy Commissioner of Delhi, had signed the document on
> behalf of the administration. It had been decided to set up a number
> of committees to implement the pledge. Rajendra Prasad hoped that
> Gandhiji would now terminate his fast. Deshbandhu Gupta described
> scenes of fraternization between Hindus and Muslims which he had
> witnessed when a procession of Muslims was taken out that morning in
> Subzimandi and was received with ovation and offered fruit and
> refreshments by the Hindu inhabitants.
>
>
>
> A seven-point declaration in Hindi was read out solemnly affirming the
> people’s desire for communal harmony and civic peace:
>
>
>
> SEVEN-POINT DECLARATION OF JANUARY 18, 1948
>
> “We wish to announce that it is our heart-felt desire that the Hindus,
> Muslims and Sikhs and members of the other communities should once
> again live in Delhi like brothers and in perfect amity and we take the
> pledge that we shall protect the life, property and faith of Muslims
> and that the incidents which have taken place in Delhi will not happen
> again.
>
>
>
> “We want to assure Gandhiji that the annual fair at Khwaja
> Qutub-ud-Din Mazar will be held this year as in the previous years.
>
>
>
> “Muslims will be able to move about in Subzimandi, Karol Bagh,
> Paharganj and other localities just as they could in the past.
>
>
>
> “The mosques which have been left by Muslims and which now are in the
> possession of Hindus and Sikhs will be returned. The areas which have
> been set apart for Muslims will not be forcibly occupied.
>
>
>
> “We shall not object to the return to Delhi of the Muslims who have
> migrated from here if they choose to come back and Muslims shall be
> able to carry on their business as before.
>
>
>
> “We assure that all these things will be done by our personal effort
> and not with the help of the police or military.
>
>
>
> “We request Mahatmaji to believe us and to give up his fast and
> continue to lead us as he has done hitherto.” .”
>
> (CWMG, vol 98, p 249, 253).
>
>
>
> Gandhi’s Speech on the Delhi Declaration
>
> In his reply, Gandhi said: “I am happy to hear what you have told me,
> but if you have overlooked one point all this will be worth nothing.
> If this declaration means that you will safeguard Delhi and whatever
> happens outside Delhi will be no concern of yours, you will be
> committing a grave error and it will be sheer foolishness on my part
> to break my fast. You must have seen the Press reports of the
> happenings in Allahabad, if not, look them up. I understand that the
> Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha are among the
> signatories to this declaration. It will amount to breach of faith on
> their part if they hold themselves responsible for peace in Delhi, but
> not in other places. I have been observing that this sort of deception
> is being practised in the country these days on a large scale. Delhi
> is the heart - the capital of India. The leaders from the whole of
> India have assembled here. Men had become beasts.
>
>
>
> But if those who have assembled here, who constitute the cream among
> men cannot make the whole of India understand that Hindus, Muslims
> and followers of other religions are like brothers, it bodes ill for
> both the Dominions. What will be the fate of India if we continue to
> quarrel with one another?... Let us take no step that may become a
> cause for repentance later on. The situation demands courage of the
> highest order from us. We have to consider whether or not we can
> accomplish what we are going to promise. If you are not confident of
> fulfilling your pledge, do not ask me to give up my fast. It is for
> you and the whole of India to translate it into reality. It may not be
> possible to realize it in a day. I do not possess the requisite
> strength for it. But I can assure you that till today our face was
> turned towards Satan, we have now resolved to turn towards God. If
> what I have told you fails to find an echo in your hearts or if you
> are convinced that it is beyond you, tell me so frankly.
>
>
>
> What greater folly can there be than to claim that Hindustan is only
> for Hindus and Pakistan is for Muslims alone? The refugees here should
> realize that things in Pakistan will be set right by the example set
> in Delhi. I am not one to be afraid of fasting. Time and again I have
> gone on fasts and if occasion arises I may again do so. Whatever
> therefore you do, do after careful thought and consideration. The
> Muslim friends frequently meet me and assure me that peaceful
> atmosphere has been restored in Delhi and Hindus and Muslims can live
> in amity here. If these friends have any misgivings in their hearts
> and feel that today they have perforce to stay here - as they have
> nowhere else to go to - but ultimately they will have to part company,
> let them admit it to me frankly.
>
>
>
> To set things right in the whole of India and Pakistan is no doubt a
> Herculean task. But I am an optimist. Once I resolve to do something I
> refuse to accept defeat. Today you assure me that Hindus and Muslims
> have become one but if Hindus continue to regard Muslims as Yavans and
> asuras, incapable of realizing God, and Muslims regard Hindus
> likewise, it will be the worst kind of blasphemy. A Muslim friend
> presented me with a book in Patna. Its author is an eminent Muslim.
> The book says: “God ordains that a kafir - and a Hindu is a kafir - is
> worse than a poisonous creature. He should be exterminated. It is
> one’s duty to be treacherous to him. Why should one treat him with any
> courtesy?” If Muslims still harbouring such thoughts assure Hindus
> about their good behaviour, they will only be deceiving Hindus. If you
> betray one you betray all. If I truly worship a stone image I deceive
> no one. For me God resides in that stone image. I feel that if the
> hearts of both Hindus and Muslims are full of deceipt and treachery,
> why need I continue to live?
>
>
>
> “..After listening to all that I have said, if you still ask me to end
> my fast I shall end it. Afterwards you have to release me. I had taken
> the vow to do or die in Delhi and now if I am able to achieve success
> here I shall go to Pakistan and try to make Muslims understand their
> folly. Whatever happens in other places, people in Delhi should
> maintain peace. The refugees here should realize that they have to
> welcome as brothers the Muslims returning from Pakistan to Delhi. The
> Muslim refugees in Pakistan are suffering acute hardships and so are
> the Hindu refugees here. Hindus have not learnt all the crafts of
> Muslim craftsmen. Therefore they had better return to India. There are
> good men as well as bad men in all the communities. Taking into
> consideration all these implications, if you ask me to break my fast I
> shall abide by your wish. India will virtually become a prison if the
> present conditions continue. It may be better that you allow me to
> continue my fast and if God wills it He will call me.” (CWMG Vol 98, p
> 254-257)
>
>
>
> Maulana Azad said that the remarks about non-Muslims to which Gandhiji
> had referred were abhorrent to Islam. They were symptoms of the
> insanity that had seized some sections of the people. Maulana Hifzur
> Rahman insisted that Muslims wanted to remain in India as citizens
> with self-respect and honour. He welcomed the changed atmosphere in
> the city as a result of Gandhi’s fast and appealed to Gandhi to break
> the fast. On behalf of the Hindu Mahasabha and the R. S. S., Ganesh
> Datt reiterated the appeal.
>
>
>
> Pakistan’s High Commisioner Zaheed Hussain addressed a few words to
> Gandhiji. He said he was there to convey the deep concern of the
> Pakistani people about him and the anxious inquiries they made every
> day about his health. It was their hearts’ desire that circumstances
> might soon enable him to break the fast. If there was anything that he
> could do towards that end he was ready and so were the people of
> Pakistan. Zaheed Hussain was followed by Khurshid and Randhawa who on
> behalf of the administration reiterated the assurance that all the
> conditions mentioned in the citizens’ pledge would be implemented, and
> no effort would be spared to restore the Indian capital to its
> traditional harmony and peace. Sardar Harbans Singh endorsed the
> appeal on behalf of the Sikhs.
>
>
>
> When Rajendra Prasad said: “I have signed on behalf of the people,
> please break your fast,” Gandhi replied: “I shall break my fast. Let
> God’s will prevail. You all be witness today.”
>
>
>
> NB: The main source for the above extracts is the volume 98 of the
> CWMG, or Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi online, at this link.
>
>
>
> Gandhi, M.K., Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi Online.
>
> http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html
>
>
>
> Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi Online- Controversy regarding
> alterations made by the NDA government in the collected works:
>
> http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg_controversy.ht
> http://indersalim.livejournal.com
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