[Reader-list] What ails Kashmir? The Sunni idea of ‘azadi’

[Aditya Raj Kaul]

What ails Kashmir? The Sunni idea of ‘azadi’*Link* -
http://www.livemint.com/2010/08/06210254/What-ails-Kashmir-The-Sunni-i.html

The discomfort Kashmiris feel is about which laws self-rule must be under,
and Hurriyat rejects a secular constitution

We know what Hurriyat Conference wants: azadi, freedom. But freedom from
what? Freedom from Indian rule. Doesn’t an elected Kashmiri, Omar Abdullah,
rule from Srinagar?

Yes, but Hurriyat rejects elections. Why? Because ballots have no
*azadi *option.But
why can’t the * azadi* demand be made by democratically elected leaders?
Because elections are rigged through the Indian Army. Why is the Indian Army
out in Srinagar and not in Surat? Because Kashmiris want *azadi. *

Let’s try that again.

What do Kashmiris want freedom from? India’s Constitution.

What is offensive about India’s Constitution? It is not Islamic. This is the
issue, let us be clear.

The violence in Srinagar isn’t for democratic self-rule because Kashmiris
have that. The discomfort Kashmiris feel is about which laws self-rule must
be under, and Hurriyat rejects a secular constitution.

Hurriyat deceives the world by using a universal word, *azadi*, to push a
narrow, religious demand. Kashmiris have no confusion about what
*azadi*means: It means Shariah. Friday holidays, amputating thieves’
hands,
abolishing interest, prohibiting alcohol (and kite-flying), stoning
adulterers, lynching apostates and all the rest of it that comprises the
ideal Sunni state.

Not one Shia gang terrorizes India; terrorism on the subcontinent is a Sunni
monopoly.

There is a token Shia among the Hurriyat’s bearded warriors, but it is
essentially a Sunni group pursuing Sunni Shariah. Its most important figure
is Umar Farooq. He’s called *mirwaiz*, meaning head of preachers (*waiz*),
but he inherited his title at 17 and actually is no Islamic scholar. He is
English-educated, but his base is Srinagar’s sullen neighbourhood of
Maisuma, at the front of the stone-pelting. His following is conservative
and, since he has little scholarship, he is unable to bend his constituents
to his view.

Hurriyat’s modernists are led by Sopore’s 80-year-old Ali Geelani of
Jamaat-e-Islami. Jamaat was founded in 1941 by a brilliant man from
Maharashtra called Maududi, who invented the structure of the modern Islamic
state along the lines of a Communist one. Maududi opposed Jinnah’s tribal
raid in Kashmir, which led to the Line of Control, saying jihad could only
be prosecuted formally by a Muslim state, and not informally by militias.
This wisdom was discarded later, and Hizb al-Mujahideen, starring Syed
Salahuddin of cap and beard fame, is a Jamaat unit. Maududi was ecumenical,
meaning that he unified the four Sunni groups of thought. He always excluded
Shias, as heretics.

The Kashmiri separatist movement is actually inseparable from Sunni
fundamentalism. Those on the Hurriyat’s fringes who say they are Gandhians,
like Yasin Malik, are carried along by the others in the group so long as
the immediate task of resisting India is in common. But the Hurriyat and its
aims are ultimately poisonous, even for Muslims.

The Hurriyat Conference’s idea of freedom unfolds from a religious instinct,
not a secular sentiment. This instinct is sectarian, and all the
pro-*azadi*groups are Shia-killers. In promoting their hatred, the
groups plead for the
support of other Muslims by leaning on the name of the Prophet Muhammad.

Hafiz is a title and means memorizer of the Quran. Mohammed Saeed’s Lashkar
Tayyaba means army of Tyeb (“the good”), one of the Prophet’s names. This is
incorrectly spelled and pronounced by our journalists as “Taiba” or “Toiba”,
but Muslims can place the name. Lashkar rejects all law from sources other
than the recorded sayings and actions of Muhammad. This is called being
Wahhabi, and Wahhabis detest the Shia.

Jaish Muhammad (Muhammad’s army) was founded in a Karachi mosque, and it is
linked to the Shia-killing Sipah Sahaba (Army of Muhammad’s First Followers)
in Pakistan’s Seraiki-speaking southern Punjab. The group follows a narrow,
anti-Shia doctrine developed in Deoband.

Decades of non-interference by the Pakistani state in the business of
Kashmiri separatism has led to a loss of internal sovereignty in Pakistan.
The state is no longer able to convince its citizens that it should act
against these groups. Though their own Shia are regularly butchered, a poll
shows that a quarter of Pakistanis think Lashkar Tayyaba does good work. We
think Indian Muslims are different from Pakistanis and less susceptible to
fanaticism. It is interesting that within Pakistan, the only group openly
and violently opposed to Taliban and terrorism are UP and Bihar migrants who
form Karachi’s secular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) party.

So what do the separatist groups want? It is wrong to see them as being only
terrorist groups. They operate in an intellectual framework, and there is a
higher idea that drives the violence. This is a perfect state with an
executive who is pious, male and Sunni. Such a state, where all is done
according to the book, will get God to shower his blessings on the citizens,
who will all be Sunnis.

There are three types of Sunnis in Kashmir. Unionists, separatists, and
neutrals. Unionists, like Omar Abdullah, are secular and likely to be
repelled by separatism because they have seen the damage caused by political
Islam in Pakistan. They might not be in love with Indians, but they see the
beauty of the Indian Constitution. Neutrals, like Mehbooba Mufti, are
pragmatic and will accept the Indian Constitution when in power, though they
show defiance when out of it. This is fine, because they respond to a Muslim
constituency that is uncertain, but isn’t totally alienated. The longer
these two groups participate in democracy in Kashmir, the weaker the
separatists become. The current violence is a result of this. Given their
boycott of politics, the Hurriyat must rally its base by urging them to
violence and most of it happens in Maisuma and Sopore. The violence should
also clarify the problem in the minds of neutrals: If Kashmiri rule does not
solve the *azadi *problem, what will?

India’s liberals are defensive when debating Kashmir because of our
unfulfilled promise on plebiscite. But they shouldn’t be. There is really no
option to secular democracy, whether one chooses it through a plebiscite or
whether it is imposed. It is a universal idea and there is no second form of
government in any culture or religion that works. The Islamic state is
utopian and it never arrives. Since it is driven by belief, however, the
search becomes quite desperate.

India has a constitution; Pakistan has editions. These are the various
Pakistani constitutions: 1935 (secular), 1956 (federal), 1962 (dictatorial),
1973 (parliamentary), 1979 (Islamic), 1999 (presidential), 2008
(parliamentary). Why do they keep changing and searching? Muslims keep
trying to hammer in Islamic bits into a set of laws that is actually quite
complete. This is the Government of India Act of 1935, gifted to us by the
British.

Kashmiris have it, and perhaps at some point they will learn to appreciate
its beauty.

*Aakar Patel will take a break from his column to write a book. He will
return early next year.*


-- 
Aditya Raj Kaul

India Editor
The Indian, Australia

Web: http://activistsdiary.blogspot.com/